Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Volume 14, Issue 3 , Pages 250-260 , July 2002

The pulmonologist's perspective regarding the solitary pulmonary nodule

References 

  1. Davis EW, Peabody JW, Katz S. The solitary pulmonary nodule. A ten-year study based on 215 cases. J Thorac Surg. 1956;32:728–771
  2. Steele JD. The solitary pulmonary nodule. Report of a cooperative study of resected asymptomatic solitary pulmonary nodules in males. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1963;46:21–39
  3. Toomes H, Delphendahl A, Manke H, et al.  The coin lesion of the lung. A review of 955 resected coin lesions. Cancer. 1983;51:534–537
  4. Higgins GA, Shields TW, Keehn RJ. The solitary pulmonary nodule. Ten-year follow-up of Veterans Administration-Armed Forces Cooperative Study. Arch Surg. 1975;110:570–575
  5. Gurney JW. Determining the likelihood of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules with Bayesian analysis. Part I. Theory. Radiology. 1993;186:405–413
  6. Cummings SR, Lillington GA, Richard RJ. Estimating the probability of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;134:449–452
  7. Swensen SJ, Silverstein MD, Ilstrup DM, et al.  The probability of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules. Application to small radiologically indeterminate nodules. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:849–855
  8. Iribarren C, Tekawa IS, Sidney S, et al.  Effect of cigar smoking on the risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer in men. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1773–1780
  9. Quint LE, Park CH, Iannettoni MD. Solitary pulmonary nodules in patients with extrapulmonary neoplasms. Radiology. 2000;217:257–261
  10. O'Keefe ME, Good CA, McDonald JR. Calcification in solitary nodules of the lung. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1957;77:1023–1033
  11. Berger WG, Erly WK, Krupinski EA, et al.  The solitary pulmonary nodule on chest radiography: Can we really tell if the nodule is calcified?. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176:201–204
  12. Zerhouni EA, Stitik FP, Siegelman SS, et al.  CT of the pulmonary nodule: A cooperative study. Radiology. 1986;160:319–327
  13. Siegelman SS, Khouri NF, Leo FP, et al.  Solitary pulmonary nodules: CT assessment. Radiology. 1986;160:307–312
  14. Brenner MW, Holsti LR, Perttala Y. The study by graphical analysis of the growth of human tumours and metastases of the lung. Br J Cancer. 1967;21:1–13
  15. Geddes DM. The natural history of lung cancer: A review based on rates of tumour growth. Br J Dis Chest. 1979;73:1–16
  16. Yankelevitz DF, Gupta R, Zhao B, et al.  Small pulmonary nodules: Evaluation with repeat CT—Preliminary experience. Radiology. 1999;212:561–566
  17. Yankelevitz DF, Reeves AP, Kostis WJ, et al.  Small pulmonary nodules: Volumetrically determined growth rates based on CT evaluation. Radiology. 2000;217:251–256
  18. Zwirewich CV, Vedal S, Miller RR, et al.  Solitary pulmonary nodule: High-resolution CT and radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiology. 1991;179:469–476
  19. Furuya K, Murayama S, Soeda H, et al.  New classification of small pulmonary nodules by margin characteristics on high-resolution CT. Acta Radiologica. 1999;40:496–504
  20. Woodring JH, Fried AM, Chuang VP. Solitary cavities of the lung: Diagnostic implications of cavity wall thickness. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1980;135:1269–1271
  21. Woodring JH, Fried AM. Significance of wall thickness in solitary cavities of the lung: A follow-up study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983;140:473–474
  22. Siegelman SS, Khouri NF, Scott WW, et al.  Pulmonary hamartoma: CT findings. Radiology. 1986;160:313–317
  23. Lowe VJ, Naunheim KS. Current role of positron emission tomography in thoracic oncology. Thorax. 1998;53:703–712
  24. Gould MK, Maclean CC, Kuschner WG, et al.  Accuracy of positron emission tomography for diagnosis of pulmonary nodules and mass lesions. A meta-analysis. JAMA. 2001;285:914–924
  25. Pieterman RM, van Putten JWG, Meuzelaar JJ, et al.  Preoperative staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with positron-emission tomography. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:254–261
  26. Blum J, Handmaker H, Lister-James J, et al.  A multicenter trial with a somatostatin analog 99mTc Depreotide in the evaluation of solitary pulmonary nodules. Chest. 2000;117:1232–1238
  27. Minai OA, Raja S, Mehta AC, et al.  Role of Tc-99m MIBI in the evaluation of single pulmonary nodules: A preliminary report. Thorax. 2000;55:60–62
  28. Swensen SJ, Brown LR, Colby TV, et al.  Pulmonary nodules: CT evaluation of enhancement with iodinated contrast material. Radiology. 1995;194:393–398
  29. Yamashita K, Matsunobe S, Tsuda T, et al.  Solitary pulmonary nodule: Preliminary study of evaluation with incremental dynamic CT. Radiology. 1995;194:399–405
  30. Swensen SJ, Brown LR, Colby TV, et al.  Lung nodule enhancement at CT: Prospective findings. Radiology. 1996;201:445–447
  31. Swensen SJ, Viggiano RW, Midthun DE, et al.  Lung nodule enhancement at CT: Multicenter study. Radiology. 2000;214:73–80
  32. Mazzone PJ, Jain P, Arroliga AC, et al.  Bronchoscopy and needle biopsy techniques for diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Clin Chest Med. 2002;23:137–158
  33. Dasgupta A, Jain P, Minai OA, et al.  Utility of transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of endobronchial lesions. Chest. 1999;115:1237–1241
  34. Gasparini S, Ferrety M, Such E, et al.  Integration of transbronchial and percutaneous approach in the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary nodules or masses: Experience with 1027 consecutive cases. Chest. 1995;108:131–137
  35. Baaklini WA, Reinoso MA, Gorin AB, et al.  Diagnostic yield of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in evaluating solitary pulmonary nodules. Chest. 2000;117:1049–1054
  36. Chechani V. Bronchoscopic diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules and lung masses in the absence of endobronchial abnormality. Chest. 1996;109:620–625
  37. Gaeta M, Pandolgo I, Volta , et al.  Bronchus sign on CT in peripheral carcinoma of the lung: Value in predicting results of transbronchial biopsy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;157:1181–1185
  38. Bilaceroglu S, Kumcuoglu Z, Alper H, et al.  CT bronchus sign-guided bronchoscopic multiple diagnostic procedures in carcinomatous solitary pulmonary nodules and masses. Respiration. 1998;65:49–55
  39. Berquist TH, Bailey PB, Cortese DA, et al.  Transthoracic needle biopsy: Accuracy and complications in relation to location and type of lesion. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980;55:475–481
  40. Li H, Boiselle PM, Shepard JO, et al.  Diagnostic accuracy and safety of CT-guided percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy of the lung: Comparison of small and large pulmonary nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;167:105–109
  41. Padhani AR, Scott WW, Cheema M, et al.  The value of immediate cytologic evaluation for needle aspiration lung biopsy. Invest Radiol. 1997;32:453–458
  42. Santambrogio L, Nosotti M, Bellaviti N, et al.  CT-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of solitary pulmonary nodules: A prospective, randomized study of immediate cytologic evaluation. Chest. 1997;112:423–425
  43. Lacasse Y, Wong E, Guyatt G, et al.  Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of localized pulmonary lesions: A meta-analysis. Thorax. 1999;54:884–893
  44. Gambhir SS, Shepherd JE, Shah BD, et al.  Analytical decision model for the cost-effective management of solitary pulmonary nodules. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:2113–2125
  45. Cummings SR, Lillington GA, Richard RJ. Managing solitary pulmonary nodules. The choice of strategy is a “close call.”. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;134:453–460
  46. Rubins JB, Rubins HB. Temporal trends in the prevalence of malignancy in resected solitary pulmonary lesions. Chest. 1996;109:100–103
  47. Edwards FH, Schaefer PS, Callahan S, et al.  Bayesian statistical theory in the preoperative diagnosis of pulmonary lesions. Chest. 1987;92:888–891
  48. Edwards FH, Schaefer PS, Cohen AJ, et al.  Use of artificial intelligence for the preoperative diagnosis of pulmonary lesions. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989;48:556–559
  49. Gurney JW, Lyddon DM, McKay JA, et al.  Determining the likelihood of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules with Bayesian analysis. Part II. Application. Radiology. 1993;186:415–422
  50. Swensen SJ, Silverstein MD, Edell ES, et al.  Solitary pulmonary nodules: Clinical prediction model versus physicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74:319–329
  51. Dewan NA, Shehan CJ, Reeb SD, et al.  Likelihood of malignancy in a solitary pulmonary nodule. Comparison of Bayesian analysis and results of FDG-PET scan. Chest. 1997;112:416–422
  52. Shiraishi J, Katsuragawa S, Ikezoe J, et al.  Development of a digital image database for chest radiographs with and without a lung nodule: Receiver operating characteristic analysis of radiologists’ detection of pulmonary nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174:71–74
  53. Nakamura K, Yoshida H, Engelmann R, et al.  Computerized analysis of the likelihood of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules with use of artificial neural networks. Radiology. 2000;214:823–830
  54. McClure CD, Boucot KR, Shipman GA, et al.  The solitary pulmonary nodule and primary lung malignancy. Arch Environ Health. 1961;3:127–129
  55. Eddy DM. Screening for lung cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111:232–237
  56. Quekel LGBA, Kessels AGH, Goei R, et al.  Miss rate of lung cancer on the chest radiograph in clinical practice. Chest. 1999;115:720–724
  57. Ketai L, Malby M, Jordan K, et al.  Small nodules detected on chest radiography. Does size predict calcification?. Chest. 2000;118:610–614
  58. Henschke CI, McCauley DI, Yankelevitz DF, et al.  Early lung cancer action project: Overall design and findings from baseline screening. Lancet. 1999;354:99–105
  59. Henschke CI, Naidich DP, Yankelevitz DF, et al.  Early lung cancer action project. Initial findings on repeat screening. Cancer. 2001;92:153–159
  60. Patz EF, Rossi S, Harpole DH, et al.  Correlation of tumor size and survival in patients with stage IA non-small cell lung cancer. Chest. 2000;117:1568–1571
  61. Lillington GA. Systematic diagnostic approach to pulmonary nodules. In: ed 2.  Fishman AP editors. Pulmonary Disease and Disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1988;p. 1947

 Address reprint requests to Peter J. Mazzone, MD, MPH, Associate Staff, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine/A90, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195.

PII: S1043-0679(02)70042-7

Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Volume 14, Issue 3 , Pages 250-260 , July 2002