Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Volume 17, Issue 4 , Pages 301-312 , Winter 2005

Barrett’s Esophagus: Diagnostic Approaches and Surveillance

  • Matthew J. Schuchert, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh, PA.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to: Matthew J. Schuchert, MD, 200 Lothrop St., Suite C-800, Presbyterian University Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
  • ,
  • Kevin McGrath, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh, PA.
  • ,
  • Percival O. Buenaventura, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh, PA.

References 

  1. Attwood SE , Morris CD . Who defines Barrett’s esophagus (endoscopist or pathologist?) . Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2001;13:97–99
  2. Rudolph RE , Vaughan TL , Storer BE , et al.   Effect of segment length on risk for neoplastic progression in patients with Barrett esophagus . Ann Intern Med . 2000;132:612–620
  3. Eloubeidi M , Provenzale D . Does the patient have Barrett’s esophagus? The utility of predicting Barrett’s esophagus at the index endoscopy . Am J Gastroenterol . 1999;94:937–943
  4. Rex DK , Cummings OW , Shaw M , et al.   Screening for Barrett’s esophagus in colonoscopy patients with and without heartburn . Gastroenterology . 2003;125:1670–1677
  5. Winters CJ , Spurling TJ , Chobanian SJ , et al.   Barrett’s esophagus. A prevalent, occult complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease . Gastroenterology . 1987;92:118–124
  6. Soni A , Sampliner RE , Sonnenberg A . Screening for high-grade dysplasia in gastroesophageal reflux disease (is it cost-effective?) . Am J Gastroenterol . 2000;95:2086–2093
  7. Sharma P , Sidorenko EI . Are screening and surveillance for Barrett’s esophagus really worthwhile? . Gut . 2005;54(suppl 1):i27–i32
  8. Sampliner RE . Updated guidelines for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett’s esophagus . Am J Gastroenterol . 2002;97(8):1888–1895
  9. Connor M , Sharma P . Chromendoscopy and magnification endoscopy in Barrett’s esophagus . Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am . 2003;13:269–277
  10. Canto MI , Setrakian S , Petras RE , et al.   Methylene blue selectively stains intestinal metaplasia in Barrett’s esophagus . Gastrointest Endosc . 1996;44:1–7
  11. Canto MI , Setrakian S , Willis J , et al.   Methylene blue-directed biopsies improve detection of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus . Gastrointest Endosc . 2000;51:560–568
  12. Wo J , Ray M , Mayfield-Stokes S , et al.   Comparison of methylene blue-directed biopsies and conventional biopsies in the detection of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus (a preliminary study) . Gastrointest Endosc . 2001;54:294–301
  13. Dave U , Shousha AS , Westaby D . Methylene blue staining (is it really useful in Barrett’s esophagus?) . Gastrointest Endosc . 2001;53:333–335
  14. Breyer HP , Silva De Barros SG , Maguilnik I , et al.   Does methylene blue detect intestinal metaplasia in Barrett’s esophagus? . Gastrointest Endosc . 2003;57:505–509
  15. Guelrud M , Herrera I , Essenfeld H , et al.   Enhanced magnification endoscopy (a new technique to identify specialized intestinal metaplasia in Barrett’s esophagus) . Gastrointest Endosc . 2001;53:559–565
  16. Sharma P , Weston AP , Topalovski M , et al.   Magnification chromendoscopy for the detection of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett’s oesophagus . Gut . 2003;52:24–27
  17. Stevens PD , Lightdale CJ , Green PH , et al.   Combined magnification endoscopy with chromoendoscopy for the evaluation of Barrett’s esophagus . Gastrointest Endosc . 1994;40:747–749
  18. Endo T , Awakawa T , Takahashi H , et al.   Classification of Barrett’s epithelium by magnifying endoscopy . Gastrointest Endosc . 2002;55:641–647
  19. Hamamoto Y , Endo T , Nosho K , et al.   Usefulness of narrow-band imaging endoscopy for diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus . J Gastroenterol . 2004;39(1):14–20
  20. Panjehpour M , Overholt BF , Vo-Dinh T , et al.   Endoscopic fluorescence detection of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus . Gastroenterology . 1996;111:93–101
  21. Georgakoudi I , Jacobson JC , Van Dam J , et al.   Fluorescence, reflectance, and light-scattering endoscopy for evaluating dysplasia in patients with Barrett’s esophagus . Gastroenterology . 2001;120:1620–1629
  22. Haringsma J , Tytgat GN , Yano H , et al.   Autofluorescence endoscopy (feasibility of detection of GI neoplasms unapparent to white light endoscopy with an evolving technology) . Gastrointest Endosc . 2001;53:642–650
  23. Li XD , Boppart SA , Van Dam J , et al.   Optical coherence tomography (advanced technology for the endoscopic imaging of Barrett’s esophagus) . Endoscopy . 2000;32:921–930
  24. Poneros JM , Brand S , Bouma BE , et al.   Diagnosis of specialized intestinal metaplasia by optical coherence tomography . Gastroenterology . 2001;120:7–12
  25. Falk GW . Barrett’s esophagus . Gastroenterology . 2002;122:1569–1591
  26. Falk GW , Chittajallu R , Goldblum JR , et al.   Surveillance of patients with Barrett’s esophagus for dysplasia and cancer with balloon cytology . Gastroenterology . 1997;112:1787–1797
  27. Skacel M , Fahmy M , Gramlich TL . Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of endoscopic brush cytology from Barrett’s esophagus detects genetic changes in high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma not seen in patients without dysplasia . Gastrointest Endosc . 2003;57:AB92
  28. Dacosta RS , Wilson BC , Marcon NE . New optical technologies for the earlier endoscopic diagnosis of premalignant gastrointestinal lesions . J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2002;17(suppl):S85–S104
  29. Sampliner RE . Updated guidelines for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett’s esophagus . Am J Gastroenterol . 1999;97:1888–1895
  30. Van Sandick J , vanLanschot J , Kuiken B , et al.   Impact of endoscopic biopsy surveillance of Barrett’s esophagus on pathological stage and clinical outcome of Barrett’s carcinoma . Gut . 1998;43:216–222
  31. Sharma P , Reker D , Falk G . Progression of Barrett’s esophagus to high grade dysplasia and cancer—preliminary results of the Barrett’s esophagus study trial . Gastroenterology . 2001;120:A-16
  32. Buttar NS , Want KK , Sebo TJ , et al.   Extent of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus correlates with risk of adenocarcinoma . Gastroenterology . 2001;120:1630–1639
  33. Levine DS , Haggitt RC , Blount PL , et al.   An endoscopic biopsy protocol can differentiate high-grade dysplasia from early adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus . Gastroenterology . 1993;105:40–50
  34. Cameron AJ , Carpenter HJ . Barrett’s esophagus, high-grade dysplasia, and early carcinoma (A pathological study) . Am J Gastroenterol . 1997;92:586–591
  35. Reid BJ , Blount P , Feng Z , et al.   Optimizing endoscopic biopsy detection of early cancers in Barrett’s high grade dysplasia . Am J Gastroenterol . 2000;95:3089–3096
  36. Corley DA , Levin TR , Habel LA , et al.   Surveillance and survival in Barrett’s adenocarcinomas (a population-based study) . Gastroenterology . 2002;122:633–640
  37. Van der Burgh A , Dees J , Hop WC , et al.   Esophageal cancer is an uncommon cause of death in patients with Barrett’s esophagus . Gut . 1996;39:5–8
  38. MacDonald CE , Wicks AC , Playford RJ . Final results from 10 year cohort of patients undergoing surveillance in Barrett’s esophagus (observational study) . BMJ . 2000;321:1252–1255
  39. Schnell TG , Sontag SJ , Chejfec G , et al.   Long-term non-surgical management of Barrett’s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia . Gastroenterology . 2001;127(7):1607–1619
  40. Rice TW , Falk GW , Achkar E , et al.   Surgical management of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus . Am J Gastroenterol . 1993;88:1832–1836
  41. Pellegrini CA , Pohl D . High grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus (surveillance or operation?) . J Gastrointest Surg . 2000;4:131–134
  42. Dar MS , Goldblum JR , Rice TW , et al.   Can extent of high grade dysplasia in Barrett’s oesophagus predict the presence of adenocarcinoma at oesophagectomy? . Gut . 2003;52:486–489
  43. Buttar NS , Wang KK , Sebo TJ , et al.   Extent of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus correlates with risk of adenocarcinoma . Gastroenterology . 2001;120:1607–1619
  44. Reid BJ , Levine DS , Longton G , et al.   Predictors of progression to cancer in Barrett’s esophagus (baseline histology and flow cytometry identify low and high-risk patient subsets) . Am J Gastroenterol . 2000;95:1669–1676
  45. Swisher SG , Deford L , Merriman KW , et al.   Effects of operative volume on morbidity, mortality and hospital use after esophagectomy for cancer . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 2000;119:1126–1132
  46. Luketich JD , Nguyen NT , Schauer P . Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy for Barrett’s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia . J Soc Laparoendoscop Surg . 1998;2:75–77
  47. Pierre AF , Luketich JD . Technique and role of minimally invasive esophagectomy for premalignant and malignant diseases of the esophagus . Surg Oncol Clin N Am . 2002;11:337–350
  48. Nguyen NT , Schauer P , Luketich JD . Minimally invasive esophagectomy for Barrett’s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia . Surgery . 2000;127:284–290
  49. Fernando HC , Luketich JD , Buenaventura PO , et al.   Outcomes of minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) for high-grade dysplasia of the esophagus . Eur J Cardiothor Surg . 2002;22:1–6
  50. Spechler SJ . Barrett’s esophagus . N Engl J Med . 2002;346(11):836–842
  51. MacDonald CE , Wicks AC , Playford RJ . Final results from 10 year cohort of patients undergoing surveillance for Barrett’s oesophagus (observational study) . BMJ . 2000;321:1252–1255
  52. Wright TA , Gray MR , Morris AI , et al.   Cost-effectiveness of detecting Barrett’s cancer . Gut . 1996;39:574–579
  53. Streitz JM , Ellis FH , Tilden RL , et al.   Endoscopic surveillance of Barrett’s esophagus (a cost-effectiveness comparison with mammographic surveillance for breast cancer) . Am J Gastroenterol . 1998;93:911–915
  54. Sonnenberg A , Soni A , Sampliner RE . Medical decision analysis of endoscopic surveillance of Barrett’s esophagus to prevent oesophageal adenocarcinoma . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2002;16:41–50
  55. Provenzale D , Schmitt C , Wong JB . Barrett’s esophagus (a new look at surveillance based on emerging estimates of cancer risk) . Am J Gastroenterol . 1999;94:2043–2053
  56. Polkowski W , van Lanschot JJ , Kate FJ , et al.   The value of p53 and Ki67 as markers for tumour progression in the Barrett’s dysplasia-carcinoma sequence . Surg Oncol . 1995;4:163–171
  57. Tselepis C , Perry I , Dawson C , et al.   Tumor necrosis factor alpha in Barrett’s oesophagus (a potential novel mechanism of action) . Oncogene . 2002;21:6071–6081
  58. Buskens CJ , Van Rees BP , Sivula A , et al.   Prognostic significance of elevated cyclo-oxygenase 2 expression in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus . Gastroenterology . 2002;122:1800–1807
  59. Morales CP , Souza RF , Spechler SJ . Hallmarks of cancer progression in Barrett’s esophagus . Lancet . 2002;360:1587–1589
  60. Krishnadath KK , Reid BJ , Wang KK . Biomarkers in Barrett’s esophagus . Mayo Clin Proc . 2001;76:438–446
  61. Raja S , Finckelstein SD , Baksh FK , et al.   Correlation between dysplasia and mutations of six tumor suppressor genes in Barrett’s esophagus . Ann Thorac Surg . 2001;72:1130–1135
  62. Zhuang Z , Vortmeyer AO , Mark EJ , et al.   Barrett’s esophagus (metaplastic cells with loss of heterozygosity at the APC gene locus are clonal precursors to invasive adenocarcinoma) . Cancer Res . 1996;56(9):1961–1964
  63. Krishnadath KK , Reid BJ , Wang KK . Biomarkers in Barrett esophagus . Mayo Clin Proc . 2001;76(4):438–446
  64. Reid BJ , Prevo LJ , Galipeau PC , et al.   Predictors of progression in Barrett’s esophagus II (baseline 17p (p53) loss of heterozygosity identifies a patient subset at increased risk for neoplastic progression) . Am J Gastroenterol . 2001;96:2839–2848

PII: S1043-0679(05)00073-0

doi: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2005.09.003

Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Volume 17, Issue 4 , Pages 301-312 , Winter 2005