Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Volume 21, Issue 4 , Pages 309-315 , Winter 2009

Image-Guided Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping and Nanotechnology-Based Nodal Treatment in Lung Cancer Using Invisible Near-Infrared Fluorescent Light

  • Onkar Khullar, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  • ,
  • John V. Frangioni, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  • ,
  • Mark Grinstaff, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • ,
  • Yolonda Lorig Colson, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Yolonda Lorig Colson, MD, PhD, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115

References 

  1. Jakub JW, Pendas S, Reintgen DS. Current status of sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy: Facts and controversies. Oncologist. 2003;8:59–68
  2. Chen SL, Iddings DM, Scheri RP, et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node analysis: Current concepts and applications. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006;56:292–309
  3. Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ, et al. Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1307–1317
  4. Liptay MJ. Sentinel node mapping in lung cancer: The Holy Grail?. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:S778–S779
  5. Little AG, DeHoyos A, Kirgan DM, et al. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping for non-small cell lung cancer: The sentinel node technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;117:220–224
  6. Schmidt FE, Woltering EA, Webb WR, et al. Sentinel nodal assessment in patients with carcinoma of the lung. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:870–874discussion 4-5
  7. Sugi K, Fukuda M, Nakamura H, et al. Comparison of three tracers for detecting sentinel lymph nodes in patients with clinical N0 lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2003;39:37–40
  8. Nomori H, Ikeda K, Mori T, et al. Sentinel node navigation segmentectomy for clinical stage IA non–small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133:780–785
  9. Liptay MJ, D'Amico TA, Nwogu C, et al. Intraoperative sentinel node mapping with technitium-99 in lung cancer: Results of CALGB 140203 multicenter phase II trial. J Thorac Oncol. 2009;4:198–202
  10. Liptay MJ, Masters GA, Winchester DJ, et al. Intraoperative radioisotope sentinel lymph node mapping in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70:384–389discussion 389-390
  11. Liptay MJ. Sentinel node mapping in lung cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11:271S–274S
  12. Chance B. Near-infrared images using continuous, phase-modulated, and pulsed light with quantitation of blood and blood oxygenation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998;838:29–45
  13. Weissleder R. A clearer vision for in vivo imaging. Nat Biotechnol. 2001;19:316–317
  14. Frangioni JV. In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2003;7:626–634
  15. Lim YT, Kim S, Nakayama A, et al. Selection of quantum dot wavelengths for biomedical assays and imaging. Mol Imaging. 2003;2:50–64
  16. Conway JM, Norris KH, Bodwell CE. A new approach for the estimation of body composition: Infrared interactance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984;40:1123–1130
  17. Sevick-Muraca EM, Houston JP, Gurfinkel M. Fluorescence-enhanced, near infrared diagnostic imaging with contrast agents. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2002;6:642–650
  18. Frangioni JV. New technologies for human cancer imaging. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:4012–4021
  19. Rasmussen JC, Tan IC, Marshall MV, et al. Lymphatic imaging in humans with near-infrared fluorescence. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2009;20:74–82
  20. Reuthebuch O, Häussler A, Genoni M, et al. Novadaq SPY: Intraoperative quality assessment in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Chest. 2004;125:418–424
  21. Sekijima M, Tojimbara T, Sato S, et al. An intraoperative fluorescent imaging system in organ transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2004;36:2188–2190
  22. Gioux S, Kianzad V, Ciocan R, et al. High-power, computer-controlled, light-emitting diode-based light sources for fluorescence imaging and image-guided surgery. Mol Imaging. 2009;8:156–165
  23. Troyan S, Kianzad V, Gibbs-Strauss S, et al. The FLARE intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging system: A first-in-human clinical trial in breast cancer sentinel lymph node mapping. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16:2943–2952
  24. Swart PJ, Beljaars L, Kuipers ME, et al. Homing of negatively charged albumins to the lymphatic system: General implications for drug targeting to peripheral tissues and viral reservoirs. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999;58:1425–1435
  25. Josephson L, Mahmood U, Wunderbaldinger P, et al. Pan and sentinel lymph node visualization using a near-infrared fluorescent probe. Mol Imaging. 2003;2:18–23
  26. Ohnishi S, Lomnes SJ, Laurence RG, et al. Organic alternatives to quantum dots for intraoperative near-infrared fluorescent sentinel lymph node mapping. Mol Imaging. 2005;4:172–181
  27. Frangioni JV, Kim SW, Ohnishi S, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping with type-II quantum dots. Methods Mol Biol. 2007;374:147–159
  28. Hauck TS, Anderson RE, Fischer HC, et al. In vivo quantum-dot toxicity assessment. Small. 2010;6:138–144
  29. Soltesz EG, Kim S, Laurence RG, et al. Intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping of the lung using near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:269–277discussion 269-277
  30. Parungo CP, Colson YL, Kim SW, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping of the pleural space. Chest. 2005;127:1799–1804
  31. Parungo CP, Ohnishi S, Kim SW, et al. Intraoperative identification of esophageal sentinel lymph nodes with near-infrared fluorescence imaging. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129:844–850
  32. Kim S, Lim YT, Soltesz EG, et al. Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping. Nat Biotechnol. 2004;22:93–97
  33. Soltesz EG, Kim S, Kim SW, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping of the gastrointestinal tract by using invisible light. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13:386–396
  34. Parungo CP, Soybel DI, Colson YL, et al. Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal space: A pattern dependent on bowel lymphatics. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:286–298
  35. Knapp DW, Adams LG, Degrand AM, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping of invasive urinary bladder cancer in animal models using invisible light. Eur Urol. 2007;52:1700–1708
  36. Ballou B, Ernst LA, Andreko S, et al. Imaging vasculature and lymphatic flow in mice using quantum dots. Methods Mol Biol. 2009;574:63–74
  37. Tanaka E, Choi HS, Fujii H, et al. Image-guided oncologic surgery using invisible light: Completed pre-clinical development for sentinel lymph node mapping. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13:1671–1681
  38. Reynolds JS, Troy TL, Mayer RH, et al. Imaging of spontaneous canine mammary tumors using fluorescent contrast agents. Photochem Photobiol. 1999;70:87–94
  39. Kwon S, Sevick-Muraca EM. Noninvasive quantitative imaging of lymph function in mice. Lymphat Res Biol. 2007;5:219–231
  40. Ogata F, Azuma R, Kikuchi M, et al. Novel lymphography using indocyanine green dye for near-infrared fluorescence labeling. Ann Plast Surg. 2007;58:652–655
  41. Kitai T, Inomoto T, Miwa M, et al. Fluorescence navigation with indocyanine green for detecting sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 2005;12:211–215
  42. Ogasawara Y, Ikeda H, Takahashi M, et al. Evaluation of breast lymphatic pathways with indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in patients with breast cancer. World J Surg. 2008;32:1924–1929
  43. Sevick-Muraca EM, Sharma R, Rasmussen JC, et al. Imaging of lymph flow in breast cancer patients after microdose administration of a near-infrared fluorophore: Feasibility study. Radiology. 2008;246:734–741
  44. Miyashiro I, Miyoshi N, Hiratsuka M, et al. Detection of sentinel node in gastric cancer surgery by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging: Comparison with infrared imaging. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:1640–1643
  45. Tajima Y, Yamazaki K, Masuda Y, et al. Sentinel node mapping guided by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in gastric cancer. Ann Surg. 2009;249:58–62
  46. Duncan R. Polymer conjugates as anticancer nanomedicines. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6:688–701
  47. Torchilin VP. Multifunctional nanocarriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2006;58:1532–1555
  48. Kabanov AV. Polymer genomics: An insight into pharmacology and toxicology of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2006;58:1597–1621
  49. Davis ME, Chen ZG, Shin DM. Nanoparticle therapeutics: An emerging treatment modality for cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008;7:771–782
  50. Chen J, Wang L, Yao Q, et al. Drug concentrations in axillary lymph nodes after lymphatic chemotherapy on patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2004;6:R474–R477
  51. Xie Y, Bagby TR, Cohen M, et al. Drug delivery to the lymphatic system: Importance in future cancer diagnosis and therapies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2009;6:785–792
  52. Nishioka Y, Yoshino H. Lymphatic targeting with nanoparticulate system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001;47:55–64
  53. Moghimi SM, Hawley AE, Christy NM, et al. Surface engineered nanospheres with enhanced drainage into lymphatics and uptake by macrophages of the regional lymph nodes. FEBS Lett. 1994;344:25–30
  54. Hawley AE, Illum L, Davis SS. Preparation of biodegradable, surface engineered PLGA nanospheres with enhanced lymphatic drainage and lymph node uptake. Pharm Res. 1997;14:657–661
  55. Reddy ST, Rehor A, Schmoekel HG, et al. In vivo targeting of dendritic cells in lymph nodes with poly(propylene sulfide) nanoparticles. J Control Release. 2006;112:26–34
  56. Liu J, Meisner D, Kwong E, et al. A novel trans-lymphatic drug delivery system: Implantable gelatin sponge impregnated with PLGA-paclitaxel microspheres. Biomaterials. 2007;28:3236–3244
  57. Liu J, Meisner D, Kwong E, et al. Translymphatic chemotherapy by intrapleural placement of gelatin sponge containing biodegradable paclitaxel colloids controls lymphatic metastasis in lung cancer. Cancer Res. 2009;69:1174–1181
  58. Lu HX, Li B, Kang Y, et al. Paclitaxel nanoparticle inhibits growth of ovarian cancer xenografts and enhances lymphatic targeting. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2007;59:175–181
  59. Griset AP, Walpole J, Liu R, et al. Expansile nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and in vivo efficacy of an acid-responsive drug delivery system. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;131:2469–2471
  60. Farokhzad OC, Langer R. Impact of nanotechnology on drug delivery. ACS Nano. 2009;3:16–20

 Dr. Grinstaff reports consulting fees and equity ownership from Hyperbranch, Affinergy and Flex.

 This work is partially supported by NCI Grant numbers R01-CA-131044 (Y.L.C.), R01-CA-115296 (J.V.F.), and T32 CA009535 (O.K.), American College of Surgeon's George H. A. Clowes Jr, MD, FACS, Memorial Research Career Development Award (Y.L.C.), the Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technologies Grant numbers 09-433 and 08-241 (Y.L.C.), and the Thoracic Surgery Foundation for Research and Education/LUNGevity Foundation Research Grant (O.K.).

PII: S1043-0679(09)00145-2

doi: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2009.11.009

Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Volume 21, Issue 4 , Pages 309-315 , Winter 2009